学龄前儿童智力发育特点

学龄前期(3～6岁)是儿童在幼儿园接受教育的时期，其智力发育是迅速的，有如下特点：

① 随意运动的发展：其运用大肌肉的控制能力不断改善，学会运用正确的姿势跑，并能听信号改变速度和方向跑，能保持躯体平衡，学会在平行线中间或平衡木上行走。

②言语发展：主要发展词汇量，学会连贯地表达自己的思想，其语音逐渐正确，词汇逐渐丰富，4岁儿童掌握600～2000个词，5岁时为2200～3000个词，而6岁时为3000～4000个词，从3岁到6 岁，词汇量增加了近3倍，词类渐次增多，语法复杂化，已出现大量的复合句。口语表达能力迅速提高，他们的讲话逐渐变得连贯起来，流畅起来，内部语言开始萌芽，内部语言是思考时用的言语，它不是用来同别人交际的，而是对自己发出的言语，学前期出现了出声的自言自语，他们往往一面做游戏，一面自言自语。

③感知觉进一步发展：如5～6岁能以自己为中心辨别左右方位，对颜色的色度开始区别。

④形象思维和形象记忆的发展：形象思维是借助于事物的形象和表象来实现对事物的概括性认识，其特点是离不开具体事物和形象。 3岁以后儿童开始利用头脑中的形象进行思维，形象思维是此期儿童思维的特点，如学计算时，用物体的具体形象(实物或图形)，能较好地掌握数的实际意义。此期儿童的记忆是形象记忆，他们对具体形象的东西比较注意，也容易记忆，其记忆在游戏中或者通过讲故事的方式能得到较好的效果，而单跟他们讲抽象的道理是不容易记牢的。

⑤游戏、学习和劳动：此期主要的活动是游戏，各种游戏活动有利于儿童智力的发展，孩子的许多学习活动是寓于游戏之中的。学习对于此期儿童不是主要任务，多在游戏过程中不知不觉地学习，在压力不大的情况下，可进行有意识地教育。学前期儿童劳动的形式主要为自我服务性劳动，如穿脱衣服、自己吃饭等。

⑥想象和好奇喜问：此期儿童逐渐能按要求进行想象，其想象表现出一定程度的目的性和有意性，但有意想象还只初步发展。
其想象有以下特点：
a 想象容易与现实混淆；
b 想象主题易于变化，如正在用积木搭大桥，忽而又想搭房子等；
c 创造想象开始发展，但仅是萌芽阶段。
好奇多问是学前期儿童的突出特点之一，会提出各种各样的问题，家长对于儿童的问题应耐心地，并用通俗、简洁的语言回答。

⑦注意力和观察力的发展：此期儿童的无意注意已有高度发展，而且相当稳定，有意注意处于逐步形成的阶段，其注意的稳定性差，容易分散，范围较小，一般只注意事物外部较鲜明的特征和动作。其观察力缺乏随意性、独立性、细致性，持续性和稳定性较差，易受无关刺激的干扰而转移观察的目标，其观察的概括性也较差。

总之，学前期儿童智力有了很大发展，在动作方面，可以连续行走20～30分钟而不感到疲倦，会跑、跳、攀登；手的动作更加灵巧，能用铅笔书写、画画，能使用剪刀一类的工具。在言语方面，词汇更加丰富，可以自由进行言语交际，初步掌握语法结构，开始产生内部言语，初步开始学习书面言语，言语对行为的调节机能也比以前增强了，因而使行为带上了一定的自觉性和计划性。在心理发展方面，虽具体性和不随意性仍占主导地位，但抽象概括性和随意性也在逐步发展。儿童的个性倾向开始形成。
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儿童智力开发六原则

　　　早期智力开发，意指在孩子具备某种能力之前的适当时期内，给他们提供恰如其分的感官刺激，促进大脑的发育，以加速儿童的先天潜能变为现实的能力；也就是早期给感官以合理的刺激，使它们增加反应的敏感性，启发婴幼儿的潜在智力。即发展小儿感知觉能力 、动作及语言能力，培养小儿记忆力、注意力、思维想象力，以及良好情绪和意志等，绝非培养婴幼儿超常专业机能的训练。

早期教育应遵循以下原则：

　　1顺其天性：应根据小儿大脑发育每个阶段的特点进行训练，遵循大脑发育的规律性，抓住大脑发展的关键时机，提供环境条件以发展孩子的智力潜力，既要注意刺激、诱发儿童智力的发展，又要重视培养，发展儿童的良好行为和个性品德。

　　2循序渐进：神经系统的发育成熟有一定的先后顺序，孩子的智力发育也有一定的规律，故对儿童进行教育时应遵循生长发育规律和知识本身的顺序性，由易到难，由浅到深，不能超过他们的实际水平和能力，不能操之过急，否则反会防碍儿童智力的发展.

　　3因材施教：不同的孩子，由于遗传素质、生活环境、接受教育及个人努力程度不同，在身心发展的可能性和发展水平上存在着差异，其兴趣、能力、性格也都不同，即使是双胞胎其智力水平也不完全相同。因此要根据每个孩子的个性特征，实施不同的教育，而且家长不能把自己的兴趣爱好强加在孩子身上，对智力落后的孩子，更要善于发掘他们各自的特长，激发孩子的兴趣及增强他们的信心，以促进其智力的发展。

　　4避免过度教育：对儿童危害最大的一种教育方式是过度教育。过分的保护包办代替会剥夺孩子练习正常动作的权利和机会，以至限制了智能的发展；好奇好动是儿童的天性，过多的干涉会使孩子胆小、怕事，也会助长他们的反抗心理，过分保护和干涉培养出来的孩子缺乏独立性、自立性。过度期望会给孩子造成压力，使孩子出现神经衰弱、恐惧、逃学、旷课等。

　　5寓教于乐：做游戏和讲故事是最生动、具体的教育形式，适合孩子智力发育，各种游戏活动有利于智力的发展，组织孩子游戏时应注意四个方面，即游戏的活动性、创造性、知识性和角色性。也就是通过游戏活动促进孩子的动作、技能的发展，言语的发育，发挥他们的创造性，促进思维能力及想象力的发展。讲故事、听故事具有培养儿童表达力、注意力、思维力及想象力的综合作用，但应注意故事内容要适合孩子的智力水平，言语要生动，要注意培养孩子的想象力。
　　6注意表率作用：父母的一言一行对孩子都是教育。如对孩子的爱抚守信，穿衣服整齐卫生，言语的温柔礼貌，举止的得体恭雅，处事有条不紊，对长辈的尊敬孝顺。

Confessions of a Car Salesman --- going undercover

Part 1: Going Undercover

I had driven by the dealership a hundred times and never stopped. As I passed I would look over at the row of salesmen standing in front of the showroom windows, white shirts gleaming in the sun. This phalanx of salesmen looked so predatory it always made me think, "Who would ever stop there?"

But today, I knew I would be the one stopping there.

I turned my ancient Dodge Conquest into the dealership parking lot and immediately felt their eyes on me. As soon as I opened my car door a salesman was on me.

"Is that a Mitsubishi? Or a Dodge?" the salesman asked, seeking common ground, a way to relax me before getting down to business.

"It's a Mitsubishi imported by Dodge," I said, and quickly added, "Who do I see about applying for a job?"

His attitude changed in a heartbeat. Not only was I not going to buy a car, but I wanted to be his competition.

"See the receptionist," he muttered, and walked away.

Inside, the receptionist was fortified behind a semi-circular counter.

"I'd like to apply for a job," I told her.

"What department?" she asked, yawning. "Sales." "New or used?"

"New." She whipped out an application form and slapped it on the desk.

"Fill out both sides and complete this too." She slammed down another form. It looked like the SAT tests I took in high school.

I took a seat in a nearby sales cubicle. It was in a large room divided into glass-walled sales offices. In the corner was a large glassed-in office with a high counter in front of a raised platform. The salesmen in this room looked older, better dressed and had an air of power and authority. They sat behind computers and also seemed to be eyeing the salesmen out on the lot.

Looking down at the application, it blurred in front of my eyes. Could I really do this? Could I really become a — a car salesman? Me, a law abiding middle-aged American. A — gasp — college graduate (well, barely). A writer. A person sometimes described as soft spoken and reserved? Why was I applying for a job in one of the most loathed professions in our society?

Well, here's how a strange turn of events turned me into a car salesman.

About a month earlier I applied for a job at Edmunds.com, touting my experience as a How-To book writer. One book I ghost-wrote was about buying used cars, the other was about leasing cars. The books were published under the name of a guy who had once been a car salesman. I assumed the books qualified me to work for the fast-growing consumer-based Web site. As I saw it, I would sit in the comfort of an office and, from this lofty perch, dispense advice on how to buy and sell cars.

The Edmunds.com editors had other plans.

After we finished lunch one of the editors suddenly asked, "How would you feel about an undercover assignment?"

"What do you mean?" I asked, even though I suspected where this was going. His question had stirred something I had thought about for a long time.

"We would hire you here at Edmunds.com. Then you would go out and get a job as a car salesman and work for three months."

"Selling cars?" I asked unnecessarily.

"Right."

"Where would I work?" "Wherever you can get hired. That would be up to you. We were thinking you should work at two dealerships. The first would be a high-volume, high-pressure store. Then you could quit and go to a no-haggle dealership. You could tell them you didn't like the pressure at the first place and you'd probably get a job on the spot."

The editor explained that they wanted me to write a series of articles describing the business from the inside. Of course I would learn the tricks of the trade, and that would better prepare me to write advice for Edmunds.com. But the benefits of the project would be greater than just information. I would live the life of a car salesman for three months. That would give me an insight and perspective that couldn't be gained by reading books or articles or interviewing former car salesmen.

"So what do you think?" the editor asked. "Interested?"

I have a history of acting before I think things through. I jump in with both feet and sometimes live to regret my decision. But here I was, in the middle of my life, long past the adventures of adolescence, past all the lousy summer jobs, past my early newspaper days on the police beat. It was a long time since I'd had a good adventure. But selling cars? "Sure, I'll do it," I said.

A week later, they offered me the job.

It was several weeks before I started at Edmunds.com, and then several more weeks before I was to begin the undercover project. Plenty of time to wonder what the hell I'd gotten myself into. I began clipping newspaper ads for car sales positions. Just the language in the ads made me nervous: "Aggressive sales professionals wanted!" or "Selling hot cars at MSRP. Join the #1 Team. Xlnt pay & benef. App in person." I could almost sense the pressure of the car business coming through the newspaper.

A friend of mine used to have an office surrounded by car lots. He would eat lunch with car salesmen and listen to them brag about the tricks they used to move cars. Occasionally, another man would join them, a guy they called "Speedometer Shorty." He would go from one car lot to another winding the odometers back to show fewer miles.

"What do you think they would do to me at the dealership if they found I worked for Edmunds?" I asked my friend.

"They'd kill you," he said without hesitation. Then he began laughing. "What they'd do is put your body in the trunk of a competitor's car."

He was yanking my chain, of course. But the fact that he answered so quickly gave me pause. Still, I told myself nothing like that would happen to me. I wasn't there to hurt the dealership. I wasn't there to steal anything or to hurt their business. We weren't going for dirt. But if dirt was there we would report it. Basically, we just wanted to see what was happening at ground zero in the auto business.

The date finally arrived for me to leave the Edmunds.com offices and begin looking for a job selling cars. As I prepared to leave, my editor offered me this advice: "When you're interviewing, don't tell them you know a lot about cars. They don't care. If they ask why you want to work there, just tell them you want to make a lot of money."

He then flipped open his calendar and counted off the weeks. "You're due back in the office in 10 weeks. We won't expect to see you until then. Let us hear from you every 48 hours or so with a phone call or e-mail. And good luck."

That weekend I went to the store and bought three new white shirts and a pair of black shoes with soft soles. I figured I'd be on my feet a lot. Monday morning I put together a resume. How should I present myself? Why would someone hire me to sell cars? I thought back to what my editor said, "Just tell them you want to make a lot of money." Good advice. But I needed more than that. There would be questions about who I was. Where I had worked. Requests for references maybe.

I decided that I would look over my recent past and select those things that could be viewed as being sales related. In other words, I wanted to avoid lying. For the previous three years I'd written video proposals for training films. A proposal is a form of selling — right? Maybe that would work. I called my friend and asked him to back me up in case the dealership called him. No problem, he said. I had also sold sporting goods at one time. And I had written proposals for grants for another company. I was beginning to see a biography that might work.

Monday morning rolled around and I realized that the time had arrived. It was time to get a job as a car salesman. I drove to an auto mall near my house. Acres of shining cars stretched out in front of me. One dealership had a large banner reading, "We're growing! Now hiring! Apply within."

That was when I pulled in and got the application.

"I understand you want to sell cars." The voice brought me back to the present. I looked up from the application. A man stood there smiling at me. He had carefully cut black hair. He wore a white shirt and a silk tie. As he extended his hand to shake, light flashed off a gold Rolex.

"I'm Dave. When you're done filling that out have me paged and we'll talk." He smiled again, evaluating me. Then he disappeared.

Nice guy, I thought. Maybe this won't be so bad. I was about to begin work on the application when I looked around. I glanced toward the glassed-in office in the corner of the building. The one with the raised platform and the senior sales guys watching over the car lot. Dave was in there speaking to several of the older men in white shirts and ties. They all turned and looked at me.

It was too late to turn back now. I bent over the application and began writing.

http://www.edmunds.com/advice/buying/articles/42962/page001.html

Confessions of a Car Salesman --- introduction

What really goes on in the back rooms of car dealerships across America?

What does the car salesman do when he leaves you sitting in a sales office and goes to talk with his boss? What are the tricks salespeople use to increase their profit and how can consumers protect themselves from overpaying?

These were the questions we, the editors at Edmunds.com, wanted to answer for our readers. But how could they really know that our information was accurate and up-to-date? Finally, we came up with the idea of hiring an investigative reporter to work in the industry and experience, firsthand, the life of a car salesman.

We hired Chandler Phillips, a veteran journalist, to go undercover by working at two new car dealerships in the Los Angeles area. First, he would work at a high-volume, high-pressure dealership selling Japanese cars. Then, he'd change over to a smaller car lot that sold domestic cars at "no haggle" prices.

We invite you to read the following account of Phillips' day-to-day experience on the car lots. Doing so will broaden your understanding of the dealership sales process. It will also cast a new light on the role of the car salesman. And, finally, it will help you get a better deal — and avoid hidden charges — the next time you go to buy or lease a new car.

Read, learn and enjoy.— The editors at Edmunds.com